I blog somewhat regularly. But not (usually) here. Instead, I like to write in various places across the internet. This page collates various posts into one place.
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The Italian Competition Authority Imposes Interim Measures in its Abuse of Dominance Case Against Meta AI
28 Nov 2025
Originally published on the Kluwer Competition Law Blog. Meta’s decision to actively interfere with the ability of rivals to compete on its dominant platform constitutes a refusal to deal under the Android Auto doctrine. This fact did not escape notice of the Italian Competition Authority. On the 25th of November 2025, the Authority announced that it had “expanded [its] investigation procedure” against Meta to include the aforementioned WhatsApp Business Solution Terms. -
The Dark Side of Computational Antitrust: When AI is Used to Evade the Law
28 Oct 2025
Originally published on the Kluwer Competition Law Blog. I discuss the emergence of AI powered tooling which proof-read emails before they are sent and flag content which could later be used as evidence in competition law cases. I argue that the use of AI in this manner could harm competition enforcement efforts, but that it doesn’t have to be that way. AI could be used in a manner commensurate with both the public and private interest. -
Podcast - Generative AI: Innovation or Infringement of Competition Law
24 Oct 2025
I’m featured on the Shaping Competition in the Digital Age podcast with Anush Ganesh and Kena Zheng. Talking about, among other things, how I got into competition law from being a software engineer, how there really is no excuse for dominant undertakings designing internet platforms to be anti-competitive, and the need for conceptual clarity in competition law. The content of the episode draws from my preprint about Gen AI & Article 102 TFEU. -
The European Commission Can and Must Act on Excessive Pricing
8 Oct 2025
Originally published on ProMarket, along with Aline Blankertz, Justine Haekens and Nicholas Shaxson. The European Commission has struggled to tackle excessive prices in Europe, despite evidence of how they arise in relation to market power. We argue that adopting accounting and financial analysis as part of its toolkit can enable the Commission to understand and act when firms are exploiting their market power. -
Coordination Across the Channel: The EU and UK Agree on a Competition Cooperation Agreement
18 Jul 2025
Originally published on the Kluwer Competition Law Blog with Marina Iskander. On May 20th 2025, the European Commission and the UK’s Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) agreed on a competition cooperation agreement, an important milestone in the evolving relationship between the EU and the UK in competition enforcement, which became institutionally more complex as a result of Brexit. This post introduces the content of the Agreement, compares it to the pre-Brexit scenario as well as to other similar agreements that the Parties have signed, and provides an analysis. -
Did Meta Tie its AI Assistant to WhatsApp?
30 Apr 2025
Originally published on the Kluwer Competition Law Blog with Marina Iskander. Meta recently integrated its AI assistant, Meta AI, into WhatsApp, Instragram and Facebook. This post, which grew into this paper, analyses whether Meta could have abused its dominant position under competition law by doing so. -
Google AdTech: Break Up or Break Out
31 Jan 2025
Originally published on the EU Law Enforcement Blog. Why does Google hold a dominant position in AdTech? This blog post, summarising my paper in Utrecht Law Review, examines why and proposes a novel remedy which would entail Google divesting its AdTech stack and permitting consumers to choose which advertising network monetises their useage of its online platforms. -
Democracy or Domination
23 Jan 2025
Originally published on the Verfassungsblog with Spencer Cohen. Democracy in Europe is under threat. Competition law, given its history and potential as a tool of anti-domination, is a natural fit to protect and revitalise democracy in Europe. Yet the protection of democracy is habitually said to fall outside the proper scope of competition enforcement. Spencer Cohen and I, drawing from a paper that we published in JCLE, to show how competition law can, through a recalibration of its error cost framework, be used to safeguard against economic domination in markets. -
Coordination Across the Channel: The EU and UK Conclude Technical Negotiations on a Competition Cooperation Agreement
25 Nov 2024
Originally published on the Kluwer Competition Law Blog with Marina Iskander. The UK’s withdrawal from the European Union put European competition policy in a somewhat awkward state. The schism left EU and UK competition law as geographical neighbours and almost identical twins in both legal form and substance, yet worlds apart in terms of their ability to coordinate. This blog post considers the impact of a potential competition agreement between the UK and the EU with regards to helping remedy this somewhat unfortunate sitaution. -
Big Tech is Harming Britain
5 Sep 2024
Originally published on the Comment Central. Big Tech firms degrade our information environment, both within and beyond the boundaries of their platforms. Dominant firms describe themselves as providing walled gardens which are safe and secure, and claim to invest heavily in combating problematic content. Yet aside from scandals suggesting otherwise, there is reason to be sceptical. Inflammatory and addictive content drives levels of engagement and, thus advertising revenue on platforms.